ENGLISH SPELLING RULES(PART4

ENGLISH SPELLING RULES(PART3

Words that end in the letter y must have the y changed to i before adding any suffix

ENGLISH SPELLING RULES(PART2

ENGLISH SPELLING RULES(PART 1
Short and Long Vowels

1. To spell a short vowel sound, only one letter is needed
 
                 at           red            it            hot           up

2. To spell a long sound you must add a second vowel. The second may be next to the first, in the VVC pattern (boat, maid, cue, etc.) or it may be separated from the first one by a consonant in the VCV pattern (made, ride, tide, etc.). If the second vowel is separated from the first by two spaces, it does not affect the first one. This is the VCCV pattern in which the first vowel remains short. Thus, doubling a consonant can be called "protecting" a short vowel because it prevents an incoming vowel from getting close enough to the first one to change its sound from short to long

          maid,  made,  but  madder;            dine,  diner,  but dinner

Spelling the Sound /k/

This sound can be spelled in any one of four ways

1. c     2. cc     3. k        4. ck

1. The single letter, c , is the most common spelling. It may be used anywhere in a word:

2. Sometimes the letter c must be doubled to cc to protect the sound of a short vowel

3. The letter k is substituted for c if /k/ is followed by an e, i, or y

(Boring examples? How about kyphosis, kylix, keratosis, and dyskinesia?

4. Similarly, the spelling ck, is substituted for cc if the following letter is an e, i, or y

ENGLISH SPELLING RULES
Short and Long Vowels

 To spell a short vowel sound, only one letter is needed

                 at           red            it            hot           up

To spell a long sound you must add a second vowel. The second may be next to the first, in the VVC pattern (boat, maid, cue, etc.) or it may be separated from the first one by a consonant in the VCV pattern (made, ride, tide, etc.). If the second vowel is separated from the first by two spaces, it does not affect the first one. This is the VCCV pattern in which the first vowel remains short. Thus, doubling a consonant can be called "protecting" a short vowel because it prevents an incoming vowel from getting close enough to the first one to change its sound from short to long

          maid,  made,  but  madder;            dine,  diner,  but dinner.

Spelling the Sound /k/

This sound can be spelled in any one of four ways

 c     2. cc     3. k        4. ck

 The single letter, c , is the most common spelling. It may be used anywhere in a word

 Sometimes the letter c must be doubled to cc to protect the sound of a short vowel

 The letter k is substituted for c if /k/ is followed by an e, i, or y

(Boring examples? How about kyphosis, kylix, keratosis, and dyskinesia?)

 Similarly, the spelling ck, is substituted for cc if the following letter is an e, i, or y

 ضمير و يا صفت ملکی مربوطه از اهميت زيادی برخوردار است.

نمونه‌هايی از اسامی مذکر و مؤنث:

مذکر:
خوک نر ................................ pig
خروس ................................. Cock
سگ نر ................................ Dog
اردک نر ................................ Drake
اسب نر ............................... Horse
زنبور نر ................................ Drone
شاه .................................... King
عمو ـ دايی ........................... uncle

مؤنث:
خوک ماده ............................ Sow
مرغ .................................... Hen
سگ ماده ............................ Biteh
اردک ماده ............................ Duck
اسب ماده ............................ Mare
زنبور ماده ............................. Bee
ملکه .................................... Queen
عمه ـ خاله ........................... Aunt

۱ـ بعضی اوقات برای ساختن جنس اسم مؤنث از مذکر به آخر آن «ess» اضافه می‌کنيم،

 لازم به ذکر است که اين قاعده در همه جا کاربرد ندارد.

به مثال‌های زير توجه کنيد:
هنرپيشه‌ی مرد ........................ Actor = هنرپيشه‌ی زن ...................... Actoress
ميزبان(مرد) ............................. Host = ميزبان(زن) ............................ Hostess
جادوگر مرد .............................. Sorcerer = جادوگر زن ........................ Sorcereress
ببر نر ...................................... Tiger = ببر ماده ................................ Tigeress

۲ـ بعضی از اسم‌ها با اينکه دارای علايم ظاهری مؤنث بودن نيستند ولی بطور قراردادی مؤنث

به حساب می‌آيند.

مانند:
ستاره ................................... Star
کشتی .................................. Ship
شهر ..................................... City
هواپيما ................................. airplane
سياره ................................... planet
کشور ................................... Country

* در اين صورت ضمير يا صفت ملکی آن‌ها نيز معمولا مؤنث است:

  .This airplane last many of her passengers in the air burts

نکته بیست وهفتم: زمان حال استمراري

وجود کلمات هشدار دهنده در جمله مي تواند به حال استمراري نوشته شود و عبارتند از:

(Look! Be quiet! Listen! Be careful!)

1- Be quiet! The baby ……

a) is sleeping *      b) sleeps            c) had slept          d) sleeps

2- Look! The man ………. after the train.

a) runs            b) has run             c) run              d) is running *

3- Look! The cat ……….. To climb that tall tree.

a) try                b) tries             c) is trying *          d) to try

4- Listen! Some one ……… at the door.

a) is knocking *            b) knock        c) knocks          d) to knock

نکته بیست و هشتم: ماضي نقلي

اين زمان براي بيان عملي است که در وقت نامشخص در گذشته آغاز شده و اثر آن تا زمان حال باقي است.

طرز ساختن اين زمان: since و for قيد زماني + قسمت سوم فعل+ have و has + فاعل

مبدأ زمان: since، طول زمان: for

1- He is tired, because he …….. football since afternoon.

a) have played       b) has played *     c) had played         d) played

جمله اي که قبل از because قرار گرفته زمان حال ساده است و جمله اي که بعد از because قرار مي گيرد بايد ماضي نقلي باشد.

2- John is unhappy because he ……….his money.

a) lost           b) have lost           c) has lost *          d) lose

3- She …….. here since 1948.

a) worked                   b) have worked     

c) has worked *           d) was working

4- I ……… in Greece since 1976.

a) have lived *          b) lived           c) has lived         d) was living