statue of liberity

The Statue of Liberty (French: Statue de la Liberté), or, more formally, Liberty Enlightening the World (French: La liberté éclairant le monde), was presented to the United States by the people of France in 1886. Standing on Liberty Island in New York Harbor, it welcomes visitors, immigrants, and returning Americans traveling by ship.^[5] The copper-clad statue, dedicated on October 28, 1886, commemorates the centennial of the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence and was given to the United States to represent the friendship established during the American Revolution.^[6] Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi sculpted the statue^[7] and obtained a U.S. patent for its structure.^[8] Maurice Koechlin - chief engineer of Gustave Eiffel's engineering company and designer of the Eiffel Tower - engineered the internal structure. Eugène Viollet-le-Duc was responsible for the choice of copper in the statue's construction and adoption of the repoussé technique, where a malleable metal is hammered on the reverse side.^[9]

Resume Writer s Workbook

Book Description
This comprehensive book is an all-inclusive job search handbook addressing all areas of the job search in an easy-to-read style. This resource is designed to lead users step-by-step through the job search maze.

It includes exercises to help users assess their skills and focus on career objectives to land the right job for them. It also includes writing an effective cover letter, networking and interviewing skills, producing an electronic resume, and using the Internet in the job search. This unique handbook provides all the information users need to find a job.

همين حالا دانلود فرمائيد.

Norooz, Persian New Year

of 1388

Norooz (Nowruz, Nevruz, Newruz, Navruz) in Persian means "New [-year]-day".  It is the beginning of the year for the peoples of Iran Greater Iran, including: Afghanistan, Arran (Republic of Azerbaijan) and Central Asian Republics

Turkey too has decided to declare Norooz a holiday.  It is also celebrated as the New Year by the people of the Iranian stock, particularly the Kurds a, in the neighboring countries of Georgia, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey

It begins precisely with the beginning of spring on vernal equinox, on or about March 21. Tradition takes Norooz as far back as 15,000 years--before the last ice age.  King Jamshid (Yima or Yama of the Indo-Iranian lore) symbolizes the transition of the Indo-Iranians from animal hunting to animal husbandry and a more settled life in human history.  Seasons played a vital part then.  Everything depended on the four seasons.  After a sever winter, the beginning of spring was a great occasion with mother nature rising up in a green robe of colorful flowers and the cattle delivering their young.  It was the dawn of abundance.  Jamshid is said to be the person who introduced Norooz celebrations

Avestan and later scriptures show that Zarathushtra improved, as early as 1725 BCE., the old Indo-Iranian calendar. The prevailing calendar was luni-solar.  The lunar year is of 354 days.  An intercalation of one month after every thirty months kept the calendar almost in line with the seasons. Zarathushtra, the Founder of the Good Religion, himself an astronomer, founded an observatory and he reformed the calendar by introducing an eleven-day intercalary period to make it into a luni-solar year of 365 days, 5 hours and a fraction. Later the year was made solely a solar year with each month of thirty days.  An intercalation of five days was, and a further addition of one day every four years, was introduced to make the year 365 days, 5 hours, and a fraction. Still later, the calendar was further corrected to be a purely solar year of 365 days 5 hr 48 min 45.5 sec.  The year began precisely with the vernal equinox every time and therefore, there was no particular need of adding one day every four years and there was no need of a leap year. This was [and still is] the best and most correct calendar produced that far

Some 12 centuries later, in 487 B.C.E., Darius the Great of the Achaemenian dynasty celebrated the Norooz at his newly built Persepolis in Iran. A recent research shows that it was a very special occasion.  On that day, the first rays of the rising sun fell on the observatory in the great hall of audience at 06-30 a.m., an event which repeats itself once every 1400-1 years.  It also happened to coincide with the Babylonian and Jewish new years.  It was, therefore, a highly auspicious occasion for the ancient peoples. The Persepolis was the place, the Achaemenian king received, on Norooz, his peoples from all over the vast empire.  The walls of the great royal palace depict the scenes of the celebrations

We know the Iranian under the Parthian dynasty celebrated the occasion but we do not know the details.  It should have, more or less, followed the Achaemenian pattern.  During the Sasanian time, preparations began at least 25 days before Norooz.  Twelve pillars of mud-bricks, each dedicated to one month of the year, were erected in the royal court.  Various vegetable seeds--wheat, barley, lentils, beans, and others--were sown on top of the pillars.  They grew into luxurious greens by the New Year Day.  The great king held his public audience and the High Priest of the empire was the first to greet him.  Government officials followed next.  Each person offered a gift and received a present.  The audience lasted for five days, each day for the people of a certain profession. Then on the sixth day, called the Greater Norooz, the king held his special audience.  He received members of the Royal family and courtiers.  Also a general amnesty was declared for convicts of minor crimes.  The pillars were removed on the 16th day and the festival came to a close.  The occasion was celebrated, on a lower level, by all peoples throughout the empire

Since then, the peoples of the Iranian culture, whether Zartoshtis, Jews, Christians, Muslims, Baha’is, or others, have celebrated Norooz precisely at the time of vernal equinox, the first day of the first month, on about March 21

Today, the ceremony has been simplified.  Every house gets a thorough cleaning almost a month before. Wheat, barley, lentils, and other vegetables seeds are soaked to grow on china plates and round earthenware vessels some ten days in advance, so that the sprouts are three to four inches in height by Norooz. A table is laid. It has a copy of the sacred book (the Gathas for Zarathushtrians), picture of Zarathushtra (again for Zarathushtrians), a mirror, candles, incense burner, bowl of water with live gold fish, the plates and vessels with green sprouts, flowers, fruits, coins, bread, sugar cone, various grains, fresh vegetables, colorfully painted boiled eggs like the “Easter eggs,” and above all, seven articles with their names beginning in Persian with the letter s or sh. The usual things with s are vinegar, sumac, garlic, samanu (consistency of germinating wheat), apple, senjed (sorb?), and herbs. Those with sh include wine, sugar, syrup, honey, candy, milk, and rice-pudding 

Family members, all dressed in their best, sit around the table and eagerly await the announcement of the exact time of vernal equinox over radio or television. The head of the family recites the Norooz prayers, and after the time is announced, each member kisses the other and wishes a Happy Norooz. Elders give gifts to younger members. Next the rounds of visits to neighbors, relatives, and friends begin. Each visit is reciprocated. Zarathushtra’s Birthday and Norooz festival are celebrated by Zartoshtis at social centers on about 6 Farvardin (26 March). Singing and dancing is, more or less for the first, a daily routine.  The festivity continues for 12 days, and on the 13th morning, the mass picnic to countryside begins. It is called sizdeh-be-dar, meaning “thirteen-in-the-outdoors.” Cities and villages turn into ghost towns with almost all the inhabitants gone to enjoy the day in woods and mountains along stream and riversides. People sing, dance, and make merry. Girls of marriageable age tie wild grass tops into knots and make a wish that the following Norooz may find them married and carrying their bonny babies

Happy Norooz

Ago and Before

Ago is used when the point of reference is the present. It means 'before now".

Before is used when the point of reference is not the present. It means "before then", "earlier".

I started working for this firm three years ago.

Last summer, I finally left the firm that I had joined eighteen years before. (Swan, 1980: 32)

Beautiful and Pretty

Beautiful is the opposite of ugly. Anything that you find very pleasing. Attractive or desirable can be called beautiful. Beautiful is used to describe so many things that it may not mean much any more. 

Pretty describes those things that are pleasant and nice to look at but are not grand enough or important enough to called beautiful. (Schiller et al, 1969: 59) Beautiful when describing people, beautiful and pretty are generally used of women and children and handsome of men. They all relate to the pleasing appearance of face. Beautiful is a serious and approving description, suggesting elegance and perfection.

Pretty may suggest a delicate feminine appearance and can be used disapprovingly of men. Handsome may be applied to women and suggest dignity and maturity. Good looking and attractive are used of both men and women. (Oxford Dictionary, 1989)

Begin and Start

Begin and start have almost the same meaning. You can use either word in almost every case, but start is better when you making the first actual move. Begin can mean set about to do something.

Start means change from being still to moving. It also means come into being. When you start walking, you take the first step.(Schiller et al, 1969:347)

In many cases, begin and start can be used with no real difference. In informal style, start is more common than begin. Start is used in same cases where begin is not possible.

1.      "To start a journey".

I think we ought to start at six, while the roads are still clear.

"To start working".(for machines)

    The car wont start.

2.     "To make (machines) start.

How do you start the washing machine? (Swan, 1980,103)

Big

when something is called big, it may be big in size or in importance. A big dog can jump over a fence, but a little dog can't. Big is a word that can be used to describe almost anything that is bigger than something else. (Schiller et al, 1969:44)

Big and Large

Big and large are used when talking about physical size, extent, capacity or number. Big is more informal. Large is not normally used to describe people. Her husband is a very big man. Great is mostly used when talking (usually approvingly) a bout important, quality, ability or extent. Large and great are very similar in meaning when used with amount, quantity and number.(Oxford Dictionary: 1989)

Large is the opposite of little or small. Large means bigger in size or amount than other things like it. Like the word big, the word large is used for many things of different sizes, and you cant really tell what a person means when he calls something large unless he is measuring its size against something else like it. (Schiler et al, 1969: 132)

Big and Large

When we talk about size, we use both big and large. There is a difference of style, big is a more conversational word, large is a little more formal. (Swan, 1980: 109)

استرس (stress) در زبان انگليسي

در بيشتر ديکشنريها براي نشان دادن استرس (stress) از علامت  '  استفاده مي‌کنند. گاهي هم از حروف بزرگ استفاده مي‌شود. به عنوان مثال به کلمه‌هاي زير دقت کنيد:

magazine /,'/

letter /'/

در کلمه اول استرس روي سيلاب (يا بخش) سوم (-zine) و در کلمه دوم روي سيلاب اول (-let) قرار دارد.

هر کلمه انگليسي که داراي دو يا چند سيلاب باشد، حتماً داراي يک سيلاب استرس دار نيز مي‌باشد:

'yellow (= YEL + low)

sham'poo (= sham + POO)

com'puter (= com + PU + ter)

تغيير استرس کلمات

بسياري از کلمات در زبان انگليسي به دو صورت اسم و فعل (هر دو) به کار مي‌روند. تلفظ بسياري از اين نوع کلمات، چه به صورت اسم به کار روند و چه به صورت فعل هميشه يکسان است. مثلاً در کلمه sur'prise که هم به معني «غافلگيري» و هم به معني «غافلگير کردن» مي‌باشد، استرس همواره روي سيلاب دوم (-prise) قرار دارد.

اما بعضي از اين کلمات دو حالتي، اسم و فعل هر کدام - از لحاظ محل قرار گيري استرس - تلفظي متفاوت دارند. مهمترين اين کلمات در جدول زير آورده شده‌اند:

A palindrome is simply a word, phrase or sentence that sounds the same whether you read it from beginning to end or from end to beginning (whether left to right or right to left). Intermediate spaces, punctuation, apostrophes etc. don't count

-Refer
-Level
-Madam, I'm Adam (madamimadam)
-A man, a plan, a canal, Panama! (amanaplanacanalpanama)
-Won't lovers revolt now? (wontloversrevoltnow)

here are some other examlpes
Do geese see God
Was it Eliot's toilet I saw
Murder for a jar of red rum
Some men interpret nine memos
Never odd or even

نقش زبان انگلیسی در آزمون کارشناسی ارشد

درس زبان در تمامي رشته هاي آزمون سراسري کارشناسي ارشد همواره مشتمل بر 15 سؤال عمومي و 15 سؤال تخصّصي بوده است. پرسش هاي قسمت زبان تخصّصي هميشه به صورت درک مطلب (Reading Comprehension) در رابطه با 2 تا 5 متن تخصّصي طرح مي شده اند؛ در حالي که ساختار سؤالات زبان عمومي هر سال دچار تغييراتي گرديده و شکل ثابتي به خود نگرفته است. البتّه به نظر ميرسد پس از تمامي تغييرات، نهايتاً طرّاحان به چارچوب مشخّصي رسيده باشند چرا که در آخرين دوره آزمون کارشناسي ارشد، در تمامي رشته ها از الگوي واحدي استفاده شده است که نسبت به دورههاي پيشين از انتظام و انسجام بهتري برخوردار است و احتمالاً تا چند سال آينده هم حفظ خواهدشد. بر اين اساس، 10 سؤال نخست زبان عمومي به پرسش هاي لغت (Vocabulary) و 5 سؤال بعدي به پرسش هاي دستور زبان (Grammar) اختصاص مي يابد. سؤالات لغت از يکديگر کاملاً مستقل و مجزّا هستند، ولي سؤالات دستور زبان به صورت جاي خالي در يک پاراگراف متن مشترک تعبيه ميشوند که اصطلاحاً Cloze Test نيز ناميده مي شود. سؤالات زبان تخصّصي نيز تقريباً براي تمامي رشته ها در سال جاري مشتمل بر سه متن تخصّصي و 5 سؤال درک مطلب از هر يک بوده اند. اين ساختار طرّاحي سؤالات درس زبان، در آزمون هاي مؤسّسه نصير نيز حتّي الامکان حفظ خواهد شد تا شما داوطلب گرامي را با سبک و سياق سؤالات آزمون کارشناسي ارشد آشنا سازد و حدّاکثر آمادگي را براي آن آزمون برايتان فراهم آورد.
براي کسب آمادگي در بخش زبان تخصّصي، مطالعه کتاب زبان تخصّصي رشته خودتان (چاپ انتشارات سَمت) و پاسخگويي به سؤالات درک مطلب آن مفيد خواهد بود. البتّه اين کتاب تنها نمونه هايي از متون تخصّصي رشته شما را در بر مي گيرد و مطالعه آنها صرفاً به عنوان تمرين درک مطالب تخصّصي توصيه مي گردد و در آزمون کارشناسي ارشد از متن هاي اين کتاب ها استفاده نخواهد شد. بنابر اين خود را محدود به اين کتاب نکنيد و مسلّم بدانيد که هرچه متون تخصّصي بيشتري را به زبان انگليسي مطالعه کنيد، آمادگي بيشتري پيدا خواهيد کرد. مهارت پاسخگويي به سؤالات چهارگزينه اي درک مطلب نيز مي تواند مکمّل دانش زبان تخصّصي شما باشد، که با تمرين و تکرار فراهم خواهد آمد.
حال، به موضوع اصلي بحث مي رسيم : ”چگونه براي زبان عمومي آزمون کارشناسي ارشد آماده شويم“ براي کسب آمادگي مطلوب در پاسخ گويي به سؤالات لغت، بايد گنجينه اي غني از لغات متداول زبان انگليسي در اختيار داشته باشيد. کتاب هاي متعدّدي براي اين منظور موجود است که از بين آنها مي توان «504 Absolutely Essential Words»را بهترين و مطرح ترين دانست؛ به گونه اي که بررسي ما نشان مي دهد درصد قابل توجّهي از گزينه هاي سؤالات لغت آزمون کارشناسي ارشد در دوره هاي گذشته، از آن استخراج شده اند. اين کتاب مشتمل بر 42 درس است که در هر يک 12 لغت مهم مطرح و تعريف مي شوند، هر يک در سه جمله نمونه استفاده مي شوند، و آن گاه با تمرين هاي مختلف، در ذهن خواننده کتاب تثبيت مي گردند. براي صرفه جويي در وقت و کاهش نياز به مراجعه به Dictionary، مي توانيد به جاي کتاب اصلي، از نسخه هايي که ترجمه هاي فارسي را نيز در کنار متن اصلي آورده اند استفاده کنيد.
بعد از اين کتاب، مي توان «Barron’s Essential Words for the TOEFL»را يکي از بهترين منابع لغت دانست. اين کتاب هم 30 درس دارد که در هر يک 15 لغت مهم مطرح شده اند. مطالعه اين منبع هم به غني تر کردن دانش شما از لغات مهمّ زبان انگيسي کمک شاياني خواهد نمود. البتّه اگر مي خواهيد تنها از يکي از اين دو منبع استفاده کنيد، مطالعه کتاب 504 را پيشنهاد مي کنيم. در مورد گرامر هم مي توانيد از کتاب «English Grammar in Use (Cambridge)»استفاده کنيد. اين کتاب شامل 145 درس کوتاه است که در هر کدام، يک يا چند نکته دستور زبان انگليسي مطرح شده و مثال هاي متعدّدي براي يادگيري هر چه بهتر آنها ارائه شده است.